Research & Citations

Sources

All figures on this site are estimates derived from publicly available research, corporate sustainability reports, and investigative journalism. Below are the primary sources used.

01
AI Technology Behind ChatGPT Was Built in Iowa — with a Lot of Water
Associated Press — September 9, 2023
apnews.com/article/chatgpt-gpt4-iowa-ai-water-consumption-microsoft
02
Google Data Center Water Use in the US Revealed To Be a Lot
WaterCalculator.org — January 20, 2023
watercalculator.org/news/news-briefs/google-data-center-water
03
Microsoft's Water Consumption Jumps 34% Amid AI Boom
Data Center Dynamics — September 12, 2023
datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/microsofts-water-consumption-jumps-34-percent-amid-ai-boom
04
How AWS Will Return More Water Than It Uses by 2030
Amazon / AWS — November 28, 2022
aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-water-positive-by-2030
05
Oracle Energy and Water Infrastructure Documentation
Oracle — Accessed April 2025
docs.oracle.com/en/industries/energy-water/index.html
06
Making AI Less Thirsty: AI Model Training Water Consumption
Li et al., University of California Riverside — 2023
arxiv.org/abs/2304.03271